GENDER OF POLISH NOUNS
There are three genders in Polish language: masculine, feminine, neuter.
Masculine nouns usually end in consonants:
Dom – house/home, Samochód – car, Pociąg – train, Kot – cat, Pokój – room, Autobus – bus
Feminine nouns usually end in –A or –Ć:
Piosenka – song, Butelka – bottle, Szklanka – glass(for water), Droga – road, Książka – book, Wódka – vodka, Miłość – love
Neuter nouns usually end in –O or -E:
Piwo – beer, Miasto – city, Szkło – glass, Okno – window, Oko –eye, Dziecko – child, Miejsce – place
PLURAL OF NOUNS
Polish plural has more than one rule, and more than two. Let’s learn to make plural form of Polish nouns:
Masculine nouns ending in -ł, -m, -r, -b, -d, -t, -p, -w, -z, -ch, -s, g, k will have plural ending –i/y. Also memorize for this rule: use -DZI instead of –DI, -CI instead of –TI, -CI instead of –ĆI, -SI instead of –CHI., Ź instead of Z.
Pociąg – Pociągi – trains
Książka – Książki – books
Samochód – Samochody – cars
Rower – Rowery – bicycles
Telefon – Telefony – telephones
Masculine nouns ending in soft consonants like -Ć, -C, -CZ, -DŹ, -DŻ, -Ś, -SZ ,-Ń, -RZ, -Ż, -L, -J. will have plural ending –E (-IE).
Pokój – Pokoje – rooms (notice that ó beomes o in plural)
Przyjaciel – Przyjaciele – friends
Gość – Goście
Kraj – Kraje – countries
Feminine nouns ending in –A have a plural ending –Y/I.
Strona – Strony – sides
Droga – Drogi – roads
Rakieta – Rakiety – rockets
Kobieta – Kobiety – women
Wioska – wioski – villages
Neuter nouns ending in –O have plural endings –A.
Okno – Okna – windows
Miasto – Miasta – cities
GENDER OF POLISH ADJECTIVES
Unlike nouns, one Polish adjective can belong to each gender.
Masculine adjectives have the endings –Y/I.
Biały – white, Piękny – beautiful, Nudny – boring, Wysocy – tall/high, Ciemny – dark, Jasny – light
Feminine adjectives have the ending –A/IA;
Biała – white, Piękna – beautiful, Nudna – boring, Wysoka – tall/high, Ciemna – dark, Jasna- light
Neuter adjectives have the endings –E/IE.
Białe – white, Piękne – beautiful, Nudne – boring, Wysokie – tall/high, Ciemne – dark, Jasne– light
PLURAL OF POLISH ADJECTIVES
The plural form of Polish masculine adjectives has the endings –I/Y;
Biali – white, Piękni – beautiful, Nudni – boring, Wysoky – tall/high, Ciemni – dark, Jasni- light
As you can see, singular – I become plural –y, as well as singular –y becomes plural –i.
And the plural form of Polish feminine and neuter adjectives has the endings –E/IE.
Białe – white, Piękne – beautiful, Nudne – boring, Wysokie – tall/high, Ciemne – dark, Jasne- light
Examples
Noce w Petersburgu są jasne – nights in Petersburg are light (noc – night)
Polskie kobiety są bardzo piękne – Polish women are very beautiful (kobieta – women, bardzo – very)
Gdzie są tanie sklepy? – Where are the cheap stores? (tani – cheap, sklep – shop)
Czemu zawsze jesteśmy zajęci? – Why are we busy always? (zajęty – busy, zawsze – always)
Kto jest gotowy? – Who is ready? (gotowy – ready)
I’d like to point out some mistakes.
Autobus instead of Awtobus
Goście instead of Gośćie
Kraj – Kraje – lands (countries would be more fitting)
Biali instead of Białi
Wysocy instead of Wysoky
“Czemu zawsze jesteśmy zajęci?” would sound more natural
I would not translate “świetlny” as “light” myself, it would be more of “luminous”. “Light” could be “jasny”.
Thank you very much for your contribution. It has been fixe thankfully to your corrections.
One donut – paczek
Two donuts – paczki
Five or more donuts? – paczkow?
Please clarify
Polish has basic plural for 2-4 pieces (or the ones that end with 1-4 like 22, 23) and another plural for groups of 5 and more. Hence 1 pączek; 2 pączki; 3 pączki; 4 pączki; 5 pączków; 6 pączków…. 20 pączków BUT 21 pączki, 22 pączki, 23 pączki.
Hope it helps!